List

# Empty list
empty_list = []
empty_list = list()

# List with initial values
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
mixed = [1, 'hello', 3.14, True, None]

# List from range
numbers = list(range(10))  # [0, 1, 2, ..., 9]

# List comprehension
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]
evens = [x for x in range(20) if x % 2 == 0]

# Nested lists
matrix = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]

fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'date']

# Indexing
first = fruits[0]   # 'apple'
last = fruits[-1]   # 'date'

# Slicing
subset = fruits[1:3]     # ['banana', 'cherry']
first_two = fruits[:2]   # ['apple', 'banana']
last_two = fruits[-2:]   # ['cherry', 'date']
copy = fruits[:]         # Full copy

# Step slicing
numbers = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
evens = numbers[::2]     # [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
reversed = numbers[::-1]  # [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]

fruits = ['apple', 'banana']

# Append to end
fruits.append('cherry')  # ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

# Insert at specific position
fruits.insert(1, 'orange')  # ['apple', 'orange', 'banana', 'cherry']

# Extend with multiple elements
fruits.extend(['grape', 'kiwi'])
# or
fruits += ['mango', 'peach']

fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'date', 'banana']

# Remove by value (first occurrence)
fruits.remove('banana')  # ['apple', 'cherry', 'date', 'banana']

# Remove by index
del fruits[0]  # ['cherry', 'date', 'banana']

# Pop (remove and return)
last = fruits.pop()      # Returns 'banana'
first = fruits.pop(0)    # Returns 'cherry'

# Clear all elements
fruits.clear()

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# Single element
numbers[0] = 10  # [10, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# Multiple elements with slicing
numbers[1:3] = [20, 30]  # [10, 20, 30, 4, 5]

# Replace with different length
numbers[2:4] = [100, 200, 300]  # [10, 20, 100, 200, 300, 5]

numbers = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6]

# Sorting
numbers.sort()  # Sorts in-place
sorted_nums = sorted(numbers)  # Returns new sorted list

# Reverse
numbers.reverse()  # Reverses in-place
reversed_nums = numbers[::-1]  # Returns new reversed list

# Count occurrences
count = numbers.count(1)  # 2

# Find index
index = numbers.index(4)  # Returns index of first occurrence

# Copy
nums_copy = numbers.copy()
nums_copy = numbers[:]
nums_copy = list(numbers)

# Basic comprehension
squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]

# With condition
evens = [x for x in range(20) if x % 2 == 0]

# Multiple conditions
filtered = [x for x in range(100) if x % 2 == 0 if x % 3 == 0]

# Nested comprehension
matrix = [[i*j for j in range(3)] for i in range(3)]

# With conditional expression
result = [x if x > 0 else 0 for x in [-1, 2, -3, 4]]

fruits = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry']

# Simple iteration
for fruit in fruits:
    print(fruit)

# With index
for i, fruit in enumerate(fruits):
    print(f"{i}: {fruit}")

# With zip
prices = [1.5, 0.5, 2.0]
for fruit, price in zip(fruits, prices):
    print(f"{fruit}: ${price}")

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

# Check membership
if 5 in numbers:
    print("Found")

# Filter with comprehension
evens = [n for n in numbers if n % 2 == 0]

# Filter with filter()
evens = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))

# Find first match
first_even = next((n for n in numbers if n % 2 == 0), None)

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# Built-in functions
total = sum(numbers)      # 15
maximum = max(numbers)    # 5
minimum = min(numbers)    # 1
length = len(numbers)     # 5

# Using reduce
from functools import reduce
product = reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, numbers)  # 120

# Basic unpacking
first, second, third = [1, 2, 3]

# With rest operator
first, *rest = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]  # first=1, rest=[2, 3, 4, 5]
first, *middle, last = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]  # first=1, middle=[2, 3, 4], last=5

# In function calls
numbers = [1, 2, 3]
print(*numbers)  # Same as print(1, 2, 3)

stack = []
stack.append(1)  # Push
stack.append(2)
top = stack.pop()  # Pop

from collections import deque

# Better to use deque for queue operations
queue = deque([1, 2, 3])
queue.append(4)      # Add to right
queue.popleft()      # Remove from left